The subjects of the cohort affected by famine Holland are still followed today and interesting results still be obtained. Researchers have recently shown by example that subjects exposed to malnutrition before birth, ie during the first 16 weeks of gestation, prefer to eat fatty foods, which could increase their risk of high cholesterol if these foods are high in saturated fats and trans fats. These people also tend to be less physically active.

It is clear from this research that changes in nutrition at certain stages of pregnancy may give very different results for child health. Currently, two projects funded by the European Union, the EDEN study (Study of the determinants of pre-and postnatal development and child health) and the EARNEST project (Project on early nutritional programming) bend elaborate on these issues.

What aspects of development and health programming nutritional influence it?
Several aspects of health and well-being of infants appear to be influenced by the nutritional status of the mother’s weight before pregnancy and weight gain during pregnancy. These phenomena affect the baby’s size at birth and the risk of prematurity. We know, for example, according to several studies, a low birth weight is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease.

A study conducted in the project EARNEST reveals a balanced diet during pregnancy, including good sources of omega-3 (fish oil such as salmon, herring and mackerel), can protect some degree of chronic diseases like asthma and possibly have a beneficial effect on the immune system.

Other studies have shown that high intakes of omega-3 during pregnancy favor the growth of the baby before birth and reduce the risk of prematurity. However, these studies did not take into account the body mass index (BMI) of the mother.
Health in adulthood could be determined to some extent by nutrition during infancy. Breastfeeding is best for the baby for a number of psychological and physiological reasons. Studies have shown that breastfed infants were less likely to become obese in adulthood and that 5 to 7 months of breastfeeding seemed to produce the most favorable results. This observation supports the recommendations of the World Health recommends that exclusive breastfeeding during the first 6 months of life.

“Ideally, before pregnancy do a routine Czech your eyes (the eye), blood pressure and kidneys. It’s very important to maintain glucose levels within normal range every day. Before each meal than 100mg/dl two hours after each meal between 140 and 150mg/dl .. It means you have to measure yourself many times in one day!

You must keep your glycosylated hemoglobin than 6%, we know that sometimes this is hard, but remember that if you really want.

Do a little exercise will help you a lot, I highly recommend swimming and water if they’re not very good walk also suit you.

As always a balanced diet is very important, remember to make 5 meals a day in small portions is very good, consult your nutritionist.

Important notes:
• The recommended daily intake is 1200mg calcium during pregnancy and lactation. In infants under 6 months: 400mg, and older than 6 months: 600mg. Children should eat 800mg of calcium per day.

• In preparing the table is taken into account foods rich in calcium.

• Of the foods that are not included it may not be good sources of calcium as well not have any information.

• The values are for cooked or raw as the predominant form of consumption.

• Of the more sources of calcium utilization by the body as are the dairy plants contain substances which hinder the absorption. So even if a plant has an equal or more calcium than milk product, the latter will always be more profitable.

• The desserts made with milk calcium will more or less depending on the amount of milk which bear on the preparation

The best way to consume the amount of calcium you need is eating 3 servings of foods from the milk group (remember that this group does not include butter or cream).

When it comes to consuming milk does not necessarily refer to a glass of whole milk. When you cook any food that has milk for their preparation, without realizing you are consuming milk. Clear examples are the mashed potatoes, pudding or pancakes. Any other preparation you want to enrich with milk also going to provide an increased supply of calcium. If you like milk shakes are an excellent choice!

Other foods rich in calcium include yogurt and cultured milk, but certainly higher values are found in cheese, especially hard cheeses. The more mature the cheese more calcium.

A concept to consider is the amount of fat as these foods provide. Those with better calcium / fat are milk and nonfat yogurt, and on the other side of the spectrum are hard cheeses. If you’re not having problems with excessive weight gain do not worry too much and you have to eat hard cheeses podes.

Remember to eat 3 servings of dairy products.
One serving equals:

* A glass of milk (200 cc)
* A pot of yogurt (200 grams)
* 3 slices of cheese machine
* 2 tablespoons grated cheese
* 1 ½ cups ice cream

Final advice: foods mentioned differ greatly in how much calcium they have depending on the brand. It is good to learn to read the nutritional information on the label of the products we consume. Any food that will supply 100 mg of calcium per 100 grams of food podes regarded as an acceptable source of calcium.

Composed almost exclusively of estrogen, the morning after pill concentrates a large portion of the hormone. “Each pill has the same amount of 10 hormonal contraceptives,” says gynecologist Marco Aurelio Pinho de Oliveira. It is for this that the woman feels a number of side effects when ingested two capsules.

To clarify some doubts and tear down some myths about the use of morning-after pill, Terra dispels some fears:

1. It is recommended that the pill is taken 72 hours after intercourse. After that, the fetus is born with deformities.
Mito. “In general, there is no risk to the fetus, because at that moment an embryo is not formed. So there is no contact between baby and the mother’s blood,” explains Claudio Bonduki gynecologist. But that does not mean you are safe.

It is recommended then that is taken immediately after intercourse. The faster you eat the pills, the greater the efficiency.

2. The pill is 100% effective.
Mito. Vomiting, headaches, nosebleeds, nausea and menstrual cycle irregularities are some of the side effects of the pill the next day. The intensity and frequency of symptoms vary from woman to woman. But do not be fooled, the bigger problem is not on the contraceptive efficacy, but in the failure to prevent sexually transmitted diseases. Therefore never be used to change the condom.

3. Take the morning after pill as a backup to conventional contraceptives doubles side effects.
Truth. There are no studies to substantiate the actual effects of morning-after pill in women who already use contraceptives and there is no consensus among specialists. But case studies find that the opportunities arising Side effects like headaches and nausea, increased very much. “In that situation the woman may have more symptoms and higher intensities,” said the specialist.

4. It is abortion.
Mito. “If the pill was abortive, the effectiveness would not diminish with the passage of days,” argues the gynecologist. According to him, only the embryo lodges in the uterus of women in the third day after fertilization. After 72 hours in question, the pill and has almost no effect on the body of the woman.

5. Taking the Pill often diminishes their effect.
Truth. According to the gynecologist, when the use of morning-after pill is appellant’s “failure” become closer. “The first time you use, the woman has a 5% chance of getting pregnant. If you take the pill again sequentially increased by 5% over the opportunities,” he explains.

But do not panic, there is no cumulative effect. If by accident you had to take the pill and some months later, he needed to take it again, efficiency is the same for the first time.

6. Hormonal discharge can affect the uterus and ovaries.
Mito. Composed by estrogen, the morning after pill does not bring organic effects on women. “The only danger is in women with a predisposition to thrombosis, because it may have a vascular thrombosis, Claudio Bonduki oriented. 7. The later you take the pill, more chances to get pregnant.
Truth. “The first day the woman has a 5% chance of getting pregnant. In the third, the risk rises to 50%,” Marco Aurelio alert. After 72 hours, contraceptive effectiveness is virtually nil. “The name is improper, it should be called pill of hours. The woman has to take the first tablet so much before,” he ended.

The significant social changes have meant that, at present, women increasingly relegated the possibility of being mothers, for this is very important to be informed about what the possibilities and complications of that decision.

As the incidence of any disease increases with age, this also happens with a pregnant woman – regardless of whether the design was naturally or through treatment -. Logically, the risk in pregnancy of these characteristics depend on each individual case and the existence of previous pathologies.

Regarding the baby, what happens is that the impact of age causes a decrease of oocyte quality, which increases the possibility of having children with genetic diseases – such as Down syndrome – and a higher rate of abortions. There is also the possibility of preterm labor with premature or low birthweight. These pregnancies are called “large or high risk.”

It is important to note that fertility is declining with the passage of time. The woman is prepared to bear children since menarche – first menstruation – until menopause – ending the same -. However, most fertility occurs between adolescence and 35 years from the age of the woman’s fertility begins to decline in haste, decreasing the quality and quantity of eggs. This is why it is very important – when planning to motherhood – being aware of age, which also affects men, although a bit later – around age 45 -.

When a pregnancy predict arrivals of 40, it is important that women perform a clinical and complete gynecological checkup, to address the search in the best physical condition. If there was any condition or disease, to know beforehand favors better control and development during gestation. Taking folic acid at least one to three months before conception, helps prevent certain birth defects in babies.

A good follow-up care is essential to be alert to any signs that may alter a pregnancy at this age, so it is recommended to stay informed and under constant professional supervision to avoid disappointment.

Past pregnancy was considered as a disease. In cases where family finances permitting, the woman was confined to an almost absolute rest. Now, with existing control techniques, the possibility of exercising during pregnancy, not only is not contraindicated, but is recommended.

There are women who have never done sports and being in this state really knows what to do and we are also women who do do sports regularly and want to be pregnant despite continuing to do so.

First of all, it is essential that pregnant women consult with your doctor whether the type of exercise you want to do is recommend as his physical condition and the conditions of pregnancy. Not in all cases it is possible to practice sports.

If you exercise longer before becoming pregnant, consultation with the coach or the doctor’s fitness center is designed to determine whether to change any habit or exercise.

It is important that the monitor of the class or the caretaker of the facilities (pool, weight room, etc), know that you’re pregnant, not only to advise to perform the exercise, but if something goes wrong succor.
Recommended physical activity during pregnancy

pregnancy and exercise

It is always advisable to start walking. 3 to 4 days a week for 30 minutes helps to have well toned legs. Even in the first 3 months you can take classes such as aerobics or activities for smooth steps. Later you should avoid any activity that involves jumping. The bike is also a good option.

Because hormones widen your ligaments and vary the behavior of your body, do not be brave. Your body will gradually be the one who was and will have to adapt to it.

If not exercised before being pregnant, now is the time to start practicing simple drills and regular. First, determine at what level you are and what exercises you think would like to accomplish. It is best to start with a few short sessions to gradually increase its frequency and duration.

Can I do weights?
Yes you can. But here it carefully you should go and have a good professional to guide you. Weight lifting is obviously lower than you would normally, execution speed must be slow and never hold your breath. Will monitor not push your abdomen, or indirectly exercises that load the area of the body.
Important considerations

- Well hydrated.  Drink every 15-20 minutes will help prevent dehydration and to maintain constant body temperature.

- Despite being pregnant are highly recommended abdominal exercises. But here it is essential that a professional at your side.

- Consider more exercise as a routine in your life. Think it is very important to prepare for heavy recent months and for the marathon of labor. The fitter you are during the first two quarters, more manageable will be the last, delivery and recovery.

- Be especially careful with the messages your body sends you. This is changing, and an exercise routine that was two days ago, today can be dangerous.

- Take plenty of fluids before and during exercise, and make frequent stops.

- Avoid exercise when the temperature is high and has high humidity.

- Stretch and warm at the beginning and end of the session, paying particular attention to the linkage.

- During the last two quarters, it avoids being too long lying on your back, and which can decrease blood flow to your baby.

- When getting up from a lying position, do it in stages. First get on your side, then lean on the elbow and hand the other side to withstand the weight of your body. Merge helping both hands to a sitting position and once so, put both feet on the ground and with hands on knees, get up slowly.

- Measure your heart beating. Count them for ten seconds and multiply by six. They should pass 150 per minute, or what is the same, 25 every 10 seconds.

- If you do cardio, resistance, try not to go beyond 75% of your maximum. For this, a heart rate monitor will be much help.

Do not forget that when given a drug to a pregnant mother, it also acts, in a variable manner, on the embryo or fetus, who is a subject in active, continuous and dynamic change, physiological characteristics make it particularly sensitive to the action of all substances which cross the placenta. That is why it is essential to tell your physician the possibility or the certainty of a pregnancy, if he omitted question about it. We know today that many factors contribute to the negativity that the drugs administered to pregnant women can have on the unborn baby. Among them we must rank the anatomical and functional characteristics of it’s own time when you are given medicines whose chemical characteristics are also vital. It is based on the foregoing, the doctor will select the type, style, time and dose of therapy chosen. Only someone who is thoroughly familiar with the biological conditions of the mother-child unit can bring to conclusion this process which seeks the good health of the mother should not cause harm to unborn child. Must be inferred from this that the self-medication, which is always risky for anyone who carries out, this is doubly damaging, the possible effect on the mother, compounded by the harmful action of a being in training, who by this condition is highly sensitive activity against external agents.

We believe it may be useful for understanding the influence of drugs on being pregnant, analyze what happens at different stages of gestation, from conception until birth. The embryonic period encompasses the first eight weeks and is characterized by rapid differentiation to acquire most of the anatomical features of the human species. It is the stage of formation of: organ par excellence, hence the action of external agents, both chemical (drugs) and physical (X-rays) can cause birth defects. We had already found that the ability to produce such damage (teratogenicity), varied not only according to the type of drug, but also and especially in relation to the timing of development in which he played. Thus during the first two weeks, or until the implantation of the egg or zygote, there seems to be a low susceptibility to drug action, judging from the little evidence gathered in connection with the production of malformations, could it be because the action foreign agent can cause death of the zygote. It was noted, however, that mothers who consumed lysergic acid during the period immediately following conception, gave birth to babies with malformations in the limbs, this is due to the action that this drug has on the chromosomes (particles of the nucleus carry the genes of heredity). By nesting the embryo in the uterus, at the end of the second week begins the period of very rapid differentiation in the growth of many vital organs.

The same is continued until the eighth week and is characterized by a high sensitivity on the part of the embryo to the action of drugs administered to pregnant women, who often ignores his status. Numerous and important organs may be affected in their development, thus giving rise to congenital malformations. Such is the case of central nervous system, some organs of the senses (sight and hearing), heart, limbs and external genitalia. The negative action can affect several organs are fully developed at that time: the case of rubella virus that can affect both the heart, eyes and ears. In other situations the action is specific to particular organs, as with thalidomide (nervous system depressant), which interferes with the development of arms and legs, while respecting the overall growth and the nervous system and circulatory system. We recall that in the 60s in Germany alone, were born more than seven thousand children with malformations due to consumption of this drug by their mothers in the first two months of pregnancy. In the fetal period, which extends from the eighth week until birth, to complete the development of structures, differentiating the various functions of many organs, which highlights the nervous system and genital tract, which adopts and characteristics of each sex. External agents can then further affect the growth and function of organs, systems and devices, with less chance of malformation.

As you can see, the period of greatest risk in relation to the possibilities of actions harmful to the child in his gestation period corresponds to the first weeks of a pregnancy can still be ignored. We reiterate therefore that it is absolutely essential to avoid any potential self-medication by pregnant as a result to be all women of childbearing age. Confirmed pregnancy should only be used prescription medications by physicians, which should always be advised of this situation when radiological studies indicate start drug treatments. These tips are part of the Childcare antenatal, ie that branch of medicine that deals with the child from conception until birth, always keeping in mind that no values above life itself and health, considered both as biological, such as affective, social and spiritual.

Colgate

It is very important for the mother to take care of both their oral health and that of your baby. This care starts even before the baby is born. This guide brings important messages about oral health from pregnancy through two years of age.

Prenatal

* Control tooth.
Make a cleaning and evaluation of their teeth. Rest assured that whatever your dentist says is fact. The germs that cause decay can happen to her baby during pregnancy.

* Brush three times a day.
Brush teeth at least three times a day using a soft toothbrush. Be sure to place the bristles at the meeting point between the gums and teeth: this is where gingivitis starts.

* Floss daily.
Use dental floss daily to get to where the brush does not reach.

* Limit foods containing starches and sugars.
Starchy foods and sugars can cause your teeth suffer from “acid attacks”. Sweets and soft drinks may be the cause, eat more fruits and vegetables.

* Prenatal testing.
Follow the advice of your doctor. It is important for both you and your baby.

* Get adequate amounts of calcium.
You need calcium to form their baby teeth. Milk, cheese, vegetables and leafy greens are good sources of calcium.

Vaccines during pregnancy

Insist and fulfill this preventive strategy is the role of clinicians and paediatricians. The obstetrician should usually opt for plans, a high number of patients are not ideal because the query is usually performed during pregnancy. The vaccine is given routinely to pregnant women is a tetanus shot. Adequate handling eliminates the possibility of this serious condition for both mother and newborn. Its application is made after the second or third trimester of pregnancy.

In special situations, contact risk, vaccines can be used to avoid severe consequences in pregnancy. Each of these situations are the subject of consultation and individual considerations.

Also before pregnancy should know the situation against rubella (dosage of antibodies). The consequences of this disease are often serious and preventable with proper vaccination. In general, side effects caused by administration of vaccines are not high risk. However, for safety, it is advisable not to apply a vaccine containing live viruses (measles, chickenpox, measles, mumps).

In short, women of childbearing age should receive appropriate vaccinations prior to pregnancy, since this is the most proactive.

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